科学家担心特朗普损害美国科学发展

Threats to the future of US science dominated discussion at the first big gathering of researchers since President Donald Trump took office.在美国总统唐纳德?特朗普(Donald Trump)离任以来的首个科研人员大会上，美国科学前景面对的威胁沦为主要议题。The scientific community at this year’s American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) annual meeting expressed fears about the new administration. Their concerns ranged from the White House’s reluctance to accept scientific evidence to an anticipated assault on parts of the federal research budget as well as hostility to immigrants on whom US science depends.在今年的美国科学理事长(American Association for the Advancement of Science)年会上，科学界传达了对美国新政府的忧虑。他们担忧的问题多种多样，从白宫不愿接纳科学证据，到联邦研究支出的某些部分预计不会遭到重创，另外还有美国科学所依靠的外来移民遭遇的敌意。

“This is the first time in my 50-year career that I have seen people speaking up for science per se rather than about particular issues such as nuclear weapons,” Rush Holt, AAAS chief executive, said at the meeting in Boston. “I have never seen scientists more concerned about the process of science — and not just about where their grants are going to come from,” Mr Holt, a former physicist and Democratic congressman, said.美国科学理事长首席执行官拉什?霍尔特(Rush Holt)在这次于波士顿开会的会议上回应：“在我50年的职业生涯中，这是我头一次看见人们倾听力挺科学本身，而不是谈论核武器等明确议题。”曾是物理学家和民主党众议员的霍尔特说道：“我从未见过科学家如此担忧科学的发展，而某种程度是他们的经费将从哪里来。

”Veteran attendees of AAAS conferences said they had never before felt such an atmosphere of anxiety. “All of us in this room know there is a great threat to science and scientific integrity,” Kenneth Kimmell, president of the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), a grassroots advocacy organisation, told a packed session entitled “Defending science and scientific integrity in the age of Trump”.曾经参与美国科学理事长会议的与会者回应，以往会议上未曾经常出现过这样的情绪气氛。在一个参与者众多、取名为“在特朗普时代保卫科学和科学完整性”(Defending science and scientific integrity in the age of Trump)的主题会议上，草根倡议的组织“忧思科学家联盟”(Union of Concerned Scientists)的总裁肯尼思?基梅尔(Kenneth Kimmell)回应：“这间屋子里的人都确切，科学和科学完整性于是以面对极大威胁。”“I have not seen anything like it in my lifetime,” said Mr Kimmell. “The days of carefully nuanced communication are over. We need to pack an emotional punch in speaking for science. Donald Trump is not pulling his punches and nor should we.”基梅尔回应：“我这辈子从未见过这样的事。

慎重精细交流的时代完结了。我们必须动之以情、倾听力挺科学。唐纳德?特朗普会交还他的拳头，我们也不应当交还。

”Scientists see a variety of troubling signs. These include the exclusion from meetings in the US of scientists with certain profiles, particularly individuals from mainly Muslim countries, restrictions on communication by federal scientists with other researchers and the public, and, as Mr Holt put it, “policymaking that is based on ideological assertion rather than on verifiable evidence. Public officials citing ‘alternative facts’ leave scientists dismayed”.科学家看见了各种令人忧虑的征兆，还包括禁令特定背景的科学家（特别是在是来自穆斯林国家的人）参与在美开会的会议，容许联邦科学家与其他研究人员及公众交流，还有就是像霍尔特所说的，“基于意识形态断言而不是可验证的证据来制订政策。公共官员援引‘另类事实’，令其科学家深感失望”。There are also concerns that Mr Trump and the Republican-dominated Congress will impose big cuts in science spending, with environmental and climate research and public health likely to be hit hardest.还有人担忧，特朗普和共和党主导的国会不会大幅度缩减科研支出，环境与气候研究以及公共身体健康很有可能将首当其冲。

In fact, President Trump has so far said almost nothing directly about science and has not yet appointed a chief scientist or science advisers. Nor has he engaged with senior scientific bodies such as the US National Academy of Sciences, in contrast to past incoming presidents of both political parties.事实上，到目前为止特朗普总统完全未曾必要谈到科学，而且也未有任命一位首席科学家或科学顾问。此外，他也没有与美国国家科学院(National Academy of Sciences)等高级科研机构认识，这与两党过去的新任总统都构成鲜明对比。

This silence is disconcerting, according to Mr Holt. “Our concern is that the government will not have the scientific advice it needs,” he said. “If there is a crisis, advice from experts will be needed immediately.”霍尔特回应，这种绝望令人不安。他说道：“我们担忧，政府将得到所需的科学建议。

如果再次发生危机，必须立刻获得专家的建议。”Not everyone is worried yet. Eric Lander, head of Boston’s Broad Institute, a leading molecular biology laboratory, told the FT: “As a scientist, I am in favour of waiting for evidence before drawing conclusions about President Trump and science.”不过，并非所有人都深感忧虑。顶尖分子生物学实验室波士顿布罗德研究所(Broad Institute)所长埃里克?兰德(Eric Lander)向英国《金融时报》回应：“作为科学家，我偏向于等候证据，然后再对特朗普和科学下结论。

”When one conference participant labelled the US government “authoritarian” and “fascist” during the AAAS meeting, he was reproached by Kurt Gottfried, a co-founder of the UCS who was a child in Vienna when the Austrian capital was under Nazi control. “I want to warn you against overstating the case against Trump,” the physicist said.当一名与会者在美国科学理事长会议期间为这届美国政府张贴上“威权”和“法西斯主义者”的标签时，他受到了忧思科学家联盟联合创始人库尔特?戈特弗里德(Kurt Gottfried)的责备。这位物理学家回应：“我想要警告你一下，不要高估了赞成特朗普的理由。”戈特弗里德童年时代生活在奥地利大城维也纳，当时这座城市是在纳粹(Nazi)掌控之下。Scientists are increasingly taking their concerns to the streets in demonstrations, including one with hundreds of protesters in central Boston on Sunday. These will culminate in a March for Science on April 22, Earth Day, in cities across the US and worldwide.更加多的科学家于是以通过街头示威来传达他们的忧虑，其中还包括上周日在波士顿市中心举办的、有成百上千抗议者参与的一次示威。

示威活动将在4月22日“世界地球日”(Earth Day)这天达到高潮，预计全美及世界各地的城市将举办“一挺科学集会”(March for Science)。Some researchers are concerned the March for Science might be counterproductive and turn people against scientists, if they appear self-interested and politically partisan. “I am not going to march for science,” said James Gates, physics professor at the University of Maryland. “To have science represented as a political force is dangerous, and I don’t understand how the organisers of the march can guard against provocateurs.”部分科研人员担忧，“一挺科学集会”可能会产生反效果并让人们转而赞成科学家——假如科学家们展现出得自私自利并在政治上抱团的话。马里兰大学(University of Maryland)物理学教授詹姆斯?盖茨(James Gates)回应：“我会参与‘一挺科学集会’。

把科学呈现出为一股政治力量是危险性的，我想象不出有这场集会的组织者如何需要防止激怒者。”But the organisers say they are determined to prevent the march being portrayed as an anti-Trump event. “There are a lot of smart people thinking about how to make sure the march does not lead to a partisan image for scientists,” said Gretchen Goldman, research director at the UCS Centre for Science and Democracy.不过，组织者们回应，他们决意避免这场集会被刻画为一次反特朗普的活动。忧思科学家联盟科学与民主中心(Centre for Science and Democracy)研究主任格蕾琴?戈德曼(Gretchen Goldman)回应：“有很多聪明人正在思维如何保证这场集会会给人留给科学家结为朋党的印象。

本文来源：皇冠游戏中心官网-www.sriingenieria.com